UNIT 5: LONGEVITY: REFUSING TO BE INVISIBLE

CHALLANGES THAT ELDERLY PEOPLE FACE NOWADAYS IN COSTA RICA

If we could list the challenges that the elderly have today, it would be a long list, since the Costa Rican people has become more away from the term solidarity and collaboration. Because now with so many problems in certain subjects that have already affected a lot of these folks and converts them into isolated beings, distrustful by so much news in the newspapers, both event and crime in the streets, it is clear that has affected their behavior and habits. We have lost many values, such as the good treatment that you must give the older person, as well as the respect it deserves and meet their needs; I think that's why the name comes from a citizen of gold. 

Is an important citizen and valuable in our society, we must not forget that they gave an important contribution to our country in the time that were more young people. Now they pay the price of their former neglect of the old. They themselves are neglected and unappreciated in turn.

The less fortunate ones may have to pine their lives away in an old-folk home or in their empty house that once was filled with the sound of children’s laughter. This neglect is a very real problem in our society and it is what the old dread the most – being unwanted and uncared for in the time of need.There are other problems old folks face, but none can be as bad as the indifference and neglect of the young. The young have no time for the old even though the old have virtually no time left. Soon they will die and the young will take their place.

VOCABULARY FROM UNIT 5

1. Go in for: want to, do something with pleasure 
2. Bold: brave, courageous 
3. Bitterness: resetment, anger 
4. Solidarity: support, agreement 
5. Ensemble: outfit (clothing) 
6. Chapter: local group of an organization 
7. Gorgeous: beautiful, attractive 
8. Flamboyant: showy, loud, colorful 
9. Brag: boasst, show off 
10. Assited living facility: a place where seniors sometimes live, similar to a nursing home 
11. Self-improvement: working hard to become better 
12. Nurturing: Offering kind, supportive care 
13. Brunch of: a lot of something 
14. Face: o turn toward someone or something, or to acknowledge and confront. 
15. Physician: a person who is licensed to practice medicine, or a person who is skilled in healing. 
16. Pass away: to die 
17. Widow: a woman who is alive after her husband’s death 
18. Keep an eye on: see have one's eye on 
19. The ripe old age of: a very old age 
20. Senior: to behave for a short time as though you are old/silly

GRAMMAR: TAG QUESTIONS

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

statement	question tag
+ Positive statement,	- negative tag?
Snow is white,	isn't it?
- Negative statement,	+ positive tag?
You don't like me,	do you?

UNIT 4: ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE

ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE: DOGS

Dog intelligence is the ability of a dog to learn, think, and solve problems. Dog trainers, owners, and researchers have as much difficulty agreeing on a method for testing canine intelligence, as they do for human intelligence. This kind of animal is known as the best friend of the man; and it is. It really is because it adapts easily to humans´s life, and help them, are their company, some of them understands their owners like no one, they are really smart.

Dogs are pack animals, meaning that they understand social structure and obligations and are capable of learning how to behave around other members of the pack. Adult canines train their young by correcting them when they behave in an unacceptable manner (biting too hard, eating out of turn, and so on) and reward them for acceptable behavior (by playing with them, feeding them, cleaning them, and so on).They are also den animals. This means that they can easily learn behavior related to keeping the den clean (such as housebreaking) and relaxing in an enclosed area (such as a crate during travel or for training).

To conclude, the dogs are such a smarts animals, in the other hand there aren´t the smart ones of the list of animals, but they are one of the perfect company to have and even that many people think the opposite because they are animals, and they are dirty and doesnt now how to act like a human because the aren´t.  However they are easily domesticated.





Bibliography

Dog intelligence. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/d/dog_intelligence.htm. Science Daily. science reference. december 9th,2013.

VOCABULARY FROM UNIT 4

1. Socialized: trained to behace in a way that is acceptable to others in your group
2. Deceive: make someone believe something that is not true
3. Spontaneosly: in a way that is not planned
4. Intriguing: interesting because it´s inusual or unexpected
5. Vocalize: make a sound with the voice
6. Rote memorization: learned from repeating and not from thinking
7. Categorize: put objects into groups according to what kind, color, size, etc. they are
8. Figure out: conclude, realize
9. Context: the situation, events, or information related to something
10. Pest: animals that create a disturbance or bother people
11. Unethical: immoral
12. Compassion: kindness
13. (give someone) the floor: allow someone to speak
14. Off the top of (someone´s) head: without thinking about it in advance
15. Nuisance: something that bothers or annoys
16. Get it: understand
17. Deseases: sicknesses
18. Hazard: danger
19. Humane: kind; gentle
20. Superior: better than

GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH

It reports what the emisor said without using the exact word, for exemple:

Original: I'm going to a party today!
Reported: The girl said that she was going to a party today

UNIT 3. EARLY TO BED, EARLY TO RISE

THE IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP

For many years it has been known that sleep well its a part of being healthy, is a our body´s need and as a another basic necesity that has to be fulled, In today’s world people take sleep for granted and they don’t think they are. Whether people realize it or not sleep is important and being sleep deprived can have negative consequences.

Sleep deprivation can cause the thought process of the mind to slow down making it difficult to pay attention and hold onto information. “Research suggests that the nerve connections that make our memories are strengthened during sleep,” (Camille 2).

Every individual is different on how much sleep they need. The smaller you are the more sleep you need; as you get older you don’t need as much sleep as you would when you were a baby or even a young school age child. Most adults need 7 to 8 hours to get the best sleep to function for the next day. During the 7 to 8 hours your body goes into a deep sleep that helps your body be ready for the next day to give you the energy that you will need.

In conclusion, the lack of sleep need to be taken seriously and luckly sleep deprivation is a thing that is easy to fix, therefore educators and parent must be aware and warn to the students to recommend them to sleep well, and maybe not to increase their homeworks, at the same time parents need to try and enforce proper sleeping techniques at home to ensure the well being of the childen.



VOCABULARY FROM UNIT 3

1. Hormones: chemical substances in the body
2. Captivating: very intesting
3. Blinking: closing and opening the eyes very quickly
4. Alert: able to think clearly
5. Chronically: permanently, constantly
6. Surge: a boost, increase
7. Out of sync: on a completely different schedule
8. Irritable: easily and quickly annoyed
9. Droop: hand or bend down
10. Dim: low, not bright
11. Waves of sleepiness: strong feelings of fatigue, tiredness
12. Miserable: very unhappy
13. Acummulates: adds up
14. Cronic: always present
15. Suspect: believe to be true
16. Alertness: focus and concentration
17. Snore: breathe noisily while sleeping
18. Cranky: easily irritated or annoyed
19. Priority: most importan thing to do
20. Fatigue: extreme tirednesS

GRAMMAR: PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS

The unreal conditional indicate a situation which is only imagined or in some-one's mind.

for example:

If I had a horse, I would ride to classes every day





To form the present unreal conditional, must wach this video:

Tt explains how to form the present unreal conditional, and gives some examples

UNIT 2. THE ACHILLES HEEL

DISABILITY


Disability refers to the condition of being physically or mentally disabled or challenged. The physically disabled are those physically handicapped such as the crippled, the blind, the mute as well those having some form of physical deformities. Those mentally disabled suffer from mental retardation such as cerebral palsy and down syndrome among others.

There are hundrends of disabled people in Costa Rica and many face discrimination on a regular basis which takes many forms. Very few employers hire disabled people as the latter is considered more a liability than an asset in the organization. However, these fears are completely unfounded. Many a blind and hearing impaired persons have contributed tremendously to organizations they are attached to. In fact, there are many cases of how disabled personalities have done themselves proud by being their own bosses. Their success stories include those how run their own business such as shops, restaurants, handicraft centers in addition to those who have become teachers and professionals through sheer hard work and determination. Many have even become successful sports persons participating in Paralympics Games and winning medals. It is a folly to think that only physically able people can make one's country and nation proud.

In addition, in Costa Rica, public transport and government buildings are not disabled-friendly. There has to be a concerted effort to ensure the disabled have access to these places and not feel hampered in anyway.
Thus, it is high time that we accept the disabled as an important component of our society. Despite their handicap, they play an important role in our lives and at the same time the need our respect, acceptance and understanding.


VOCABULARY FROM UNIT 2
Collapsed: fell down suddenly
Crushed: presed something so hard it broke
Crutches: special sticks used under the armas to help a person walk
In store for: planned for
Landscape: a view across an area of land
Limitations: things that keep you from going beyond certain boundaries
Overcome: succeed in controlling a problem
Proof: Facts or evidence that prove that something is true
Revelation: insight; sudden realization
Scars: marks left on skin from a cut or wound
Soared: flew very high or fast
Illness: a condition in which the body or mind is harmed because an organ or part is unable to work as it usually does; a disease or sicknes
Injury: physical harm or damage done to a living thing
Shyness: the quality or state of being shy
Learning disability: one of many conditions that can have an effect on someone's ability to learn easily
Scattered: To cause to separate and go in different directions.
Peak: to reach the highest point, value, or level
Discrimination: the treatment of a person or particular group of people differently, in a way that is worse than the way people are usually treated
Landscape: a large area of countryside, usually one without many buildings or other things that are not natural
Inspiration: someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something







GRAMMAR: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects.

To understand more this topic, there´s a following video that will show how to use the gerunds and infititives 

Unit 1.INFORMATION OVERLOAD

FEMALE MOSQUITO ADAPTS ALMOST TO ANY AREA AND CLIMATE

In a small country like in Costa Rica, with characteristics that favor the mosquitoes breeding, many are concerned about the spread of Aedes aegypti which unfortunately attacks all the population; those who live in the worst conditions and are not able to treat themselves as proper.

The female mosquito lays its eggs in clean water because it needs the ideal condition for its eggs: which are 300-350 each time. For this reason, it is necessary to act now, because by the passage of time places get more infested with these pests. The Costa Rican population is already aware of the situation and its relevant to stop it now, before it takes more lives.

Nowadays, the plague is stronger and has adapted it to all kind of environments like high, cold and wet places.  That means that it has become immune to all treat affected before.  So, now it doesn’t matter the place, the mosquito is everywhere even in places where it was never heard of before and as Catalina R, mentioned (epidemiologist of the C.C.S.S.): “we must eliminate mosquito breeding sites. If there´s n o mosquito breeding there are not mosquitoes and without it there´s no dengue”.

Aedes Aegypti

Bibliography

Rodríguez, I. (9 de septiembre de 2013). Zancudo hembra se adapta a casi cualquier área y clima. La Nación.pp11

VOCABULARY FROM UNIT 1


1. INTAKE: the amount of something such as food, breath, or a liquid that is taken in by someone or something

2. PERSPECTIVE: a particular way of viewing things that depends on one’s experience and personality

3. NEWSWORTHY: considered important enough to be in news reports, newspapers, etc

4. REPETITIVE: expressed or happening in the same way many times

5. BIAS: an unfair personal opinion that influences your judgment

6. INCONSEQUENTIAL: not important; able to be ignored

7. DESPAIR: a feeling of being without hope or of not being able to improve a situation

8. REMEDIES: a substance or method for curing an illness, or a way of dealing with a problem

9. BARRAGE: a great number of complaints, criticisms, or questions suddenly directed at someone

10. INMOBILIZED: stop something or someone from moving

11. DISENGAGE FROM :To become separate or not connected, or to cause this to happen

12. UNDERLYNG: real but not immediately obvious

13. LETHAL: able to cause or causing death; extremely dangerous

14. SENSE OF HUMOR: o understand funny things

15. REGARDLESS OF: without being influenced by any other events or conditions

16. DISTRACTS: to take someone’s attention away from what that person is doing or should be doing:

17. EVADING: to avoid or escape from someone or something

18. FOCUS: the main or central point of something, especially of attention or interest

19. RAISES: to lift something to a higher position

20. PLUGGED INTO: To get to know and receive information about something

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is very used by News reporters, and is a voice that indicates that the subject revices the verb action.

To form the passive voice you must see this video: